1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Chocolate mania
2. History of chocolate
3. Like father, like son
4. Balanced diet
5. Friend or enemy
6. Safe sweetness
7. Help to dentists
8. Problems with weight

A. Chocolate is made from the seeds of the tree Theobroma cacao. The ancient Aztecs used the beans of the cacao tree as a form of money. The Aztecs discovered that by crushing the beans into a paste and adding spices, they could make a refreshing and nourishing drink. This drink was very bitter, not like our chocolate drinks today. 16th century European explorers brought the drink back from their travels, added sugar, and soon it was popular as an expensive luxury.

B. You can receive a ‘sweet tooth’ from your parents. Recent study at New York University suggests there is a genetic reason why some people prefer sugary foods. The study was based on two groups of mice. The parents of the first group were given sweetened water and the parents of the second - unsweetened water. The team found the gene that was different in the two groups of mice and then looked for similar genetic chains in humans.

C. All modern chocolate products have large amounts of sugar, a fact which may partly explain why it becomes a sort of drug for some people. An ability to recognize sweet things, and a tendency to like them was very useful for our forefathers. Such a genetic quality made prehistoric humans look for energy-rich, healthy and tasty food such as fruit, and helped them avoid bitter-tasting poisonous plants.

D. Like other sweet food, chocolate helps endorphins, natural hormones, that give us the feelings of pleasure and well-being, to appear in our body. Chocolate also makes us feel good by reacting with our brains. Scientists say that some people may develop chocoholism — a dependency on chocolate. So it’s just possible that, with every bar of chocolate, your brain changes step by step in order to make you love chocolate more and more!

E. Back in the 17th and 18th centuries, many scientific works were written explaining the advantages of chocolate for medicine, and today it’s a regular food in army rations. Chocolate could help prevent tooth decay, according to scientists at Japan’s Osaka University. The cocoa beans from which chocolate is made have an antibacterial agent that fights tooth decay. These parts of the beans are not usually used in chocolate production, but in future they could be added back in to chocolate to make it friendly for teeth.

F. Californian scientist Professor Carl Keen and his team have suggested that chocolate might help fight heart disease. They say that it contains chemicals called flavinoids, which thin the blood. Researchers at Harvard University have carried out experiments that suggest that if you eat chocolate three times a month you will live almost a year longer than those who don’t do it. But it’s not all good news — chocolate has much fat, which means that eating too much of it may lead to obesity.

G. Being very fat, or obese, is linked to many health problems including heart disease and diabetes. The causes of obesity are not yet fully understood. Both genes and the environment play a role. The recent growth of the number of fat people seems to be linked to environmental factors: people are much less active nowadays, fatty and sugary foods like chocolate are cheap, people eat larger portions of food, and the calories per person have increased.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Walking is not enough to keep fit Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000 step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements ___ (A) were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was ___ (B). In total 128 people took ___ (C). The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated — and was an excellent way to start ___ (D). But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. ‘Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.’ The researchers were concerned there was too much focus ___ (E), rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. ‘However, you have got to find ___ (F).

The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.’ Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

1. part in the project
2. taking exercise
3. gave marked health benefits
4. in fitness levels
5. on simply getting people to take exercise
6. not enough to get fit
7. a compromise between physiology and psychology

A	B	C	D	E	F

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3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Which statement about modern teenagers is TRUE, according to the text?
1) They feel the same pressure as previous generations.
2) Social media make them exhausted.
3) Their state of mind is satisfactory.
4) They enjoy the best moments of their lives.

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4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Tangible in Paragraph 2 most probably means
1) real.
2) electronic.
3) relaxing.
4) age-appropriate.

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5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

It in Paragraph 2 (“It was our safe haven.”) refers to
1) the moment.
2) a drawing.
3) a journal.
4) communication.

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6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Which benefit of journalling is NOT mentioned in the text?
1) Focusing on the now.
2) Understanding of oneself.
3) Controlling one’s emotions.
4) Concentrating on a single task.

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7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

What impact did journalling have on the author’s daughter?
1) She felt less worried.
2) She developed her writing skills.
3) She became easy-going.
4) She lost some weight.

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8) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The example of a friend’s daughter is used to show that journalling helps
1) reduce stress levels.
2) improve family relations.
3) develop self-expression.
4) become more open.

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9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

The purpose of the text is to
1) share the author’s concerns about teenagers.
2) advise on how to become more creative and relaxed.
3) describe the author’s journalling experience.
4) persuade the readers that journalling is beneficial.