Тест 12. Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому языку

1) Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Free entry
2. A bad decision
3. Sore loser
4. Chance participant
5. Wild crowd
6. Empty seats
7. Accidents happen
8. Thrilling match

A. For sports fans, attending a sporting event is often an amazing experience. They get to shout and cheer for their team amongst a huge group of like-minded supporters. But then there are those rare moments, in a baseball game, for example, when the hitter knocks the ball into the stands. That’s why some spectators bring gloves, in the rare event that they become part of the game.

B. People like different sports for different reasons. Most fans of tennis talk about how it’s filled with a lot of action. If you’ve got two great tennis legends playing, watching them hit the ball back and forth across the net really holds your attention. You’re waiting for one of them to slip up, and you can’t take your eye off the ball!

C. For many people, visiting a stadium to see a game is not feasible within their schedule. Instead, they stay at home and watch it on the TV with a group of friends while they enjoy snacks and cheer for their team. Sometimes it seems as if too many people have had the same idea, so you’re watching your team play but you can’t help but notice there’s hardly anyone in the stands!

D. Occasionally you hear about this in the news - fans of a certain football team, who love their team seemingly more than life itself, get into huge fights with supporters of the other team. It often has a terrible ending, too. It’s hard to believe people can behave so stupidly sometimes. It’s enough to make you not want to visit a sporting event.

E. The whole idea of a competition is that someone wins, and someone doesn’t. But sometimes the latter person in that equation doesn’t take it too well. They throw a fit, and storm off the field or court. It doesn’t help the situation, and it looks very bad. If only they realised what fools they’re making of themselves, they might not behave that way.

F. Sporting events are really popular, and radio shows know this. That’s why they host programmes where you can call in for a chance to win tickets to your favourite match. Usually they ask some sort of trivia question, like who scored the winning goal in the last World Cup, for example. If you’re the first to call in and get the answer right - congratulations! You’re going to a football match!

G. It’s so frustrating when you’re watching your favourite team play and they get robbed of a goal. Take football, for example. Players have to get the ball past the line in front of the net. If the goalie stops the ball before it passes the line, the team won’t get the goal. What if the ball looks as if it crosses over, but the referee rules against your team? Oh, the anger!

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

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2) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Leaning Big Ben Is Big Ben becoming the British version of the Leaning Tower of Pisa? Surveys of the famous UK landmark in recent years have proven what can barely be seen by the naked eye. Although it is far smaller than the Tower of Pisa’s tilt of almost four degrees, Big Ben is ___ (A).

Officials in government seem to be brushing off concerns that the clock tower is in danger of collapsing. They may be right. Considering the tower in Pisa has been leaning for centuries and has yet to fall, ___ (B).

If anything, Big Bens ever-so-slight lean is a fascinating sight to see, if you can in fact notice it. An onlooker standing in Parliament Square looking head on at the tower might perceive an extremely minor lean to the left ___ (C).

The government is not entirely unconcerned about the stability of the tower. However they state that, in light of extensive structural surveys of the building, no immediate risk is present, ___ (D).

The tower is leaning in part due to the construction of an underground railway line beneath the structure as well as a car park. In fact, though, many buildings, regardless of what structures are underneath, undergo changes as they age. Most old buildings have a few cracks in them, and ___ (E).

This isn’t the first structural issue the tower has encountered in its over 150-year life. In 1976, the weights that control the workings of the clock snapped off and fell down the clock shaft. The clock actually exploded inside ___ (F). Luckily no one was hurt, as the accident happened at 4 am.

1. towards a faster, more economical way of repairing the tower
2. in fact, the Houses of Parliament are cracking a bit themselves
3. towards Bridge Street rather than towards the Houses of Parliament
4. and repairs took nearly nine months to be completed
5. meaning building reinforcements can wait until after the next elections
6. in fact leaning by about 0.26 degrees, according to reports
7. worrying about Big Bens immediate demise is likely to be a waste of energy

A	B	C	D	E	F

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3) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

How could Alan’s aunt’s invitation be characterised?
1) Sarcastic.
2) Desperate.
3) Demanding.
4) Sincere.

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4) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

Alan asked his mum about his aunt and uncle’s hands...
1) because he didn’t understand why they looked like that.
2) because he wanted to know more about farm life.
3) knowing what she’d say before she said it.
4) wondering if his own hands would eventually look that way.

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5) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

How did Alan view farm life before he tried it?
1) It would be like a holiday.
2) It would be an interesting experience.
3) It would be easier than his city life.
4) It would be full of really dirty work.

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6) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

Alan describes the horses as being...
1) no longer working animals.
2) more useful than the other animals.
3) difficult to tend to.
4) essential to the farm.

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7) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

‘Themselves’ in ‘as often as they themselves had to eat’ in the fifth paragraph refers to...
1) the cattle.
2) Alan and his family.
3) the chickens.
4) the horses.

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8) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

How did Alan feel concerning his refusal of a certain task?
1) He felt sad that this task had to be done.
2) He was ashamed that he wasn’t brave enough to do it.
3) He was happy to have spared the life of a farm animal.
4) He felt upset that his uncle did this kind of work.

🔗

9) Прочитайте текст и запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Показать текст. ⇓

Farm life for a city dweller Alan had not spent much of his life on a farm. There had been short visits in the summers to his cousins’ farm in Devon, but he had never actually done any labour. He and his parents would stay for a couple of days, ride horses, have some nice meals and head back to London. His aunt had always said kindly and generously, ‘Why don’t you stay with us for the whole summer? We’ll teach you how to milk the cows.’ He would just chuckle and answer with a polite but mildly sarcastic response, ‘Oh, don’t tempt me, Aunt Jean.’

During his penultimate year at secondary school, he began to take more of an interest in nature. He decided that the upcoming summer would be the perfect opportunity to spend more time on the farm. He made the arrangements with his elated aunt and uncle, packed two months-worth of clothes and set off for the country.

Despite not having spent much time on a farm, Alan knew it would not be an easy experience. As a child he had noticed his aunt and uncle’s weathered hands. At the time he didn’t know why, but as he grew older he came to realise the reason. ‘That’s what farming does to you,’ his mum confirmed when he asked her about it.

Still, hard work aside, Alan was curious about all the various tasks a farm had to offer. He resisted the urge to behave like a tourist, even though he knew that after the two months had finished, he’d return to his privileged life in the city, where the most difficult manual labour was carrying a rucksack over his shoulder. But there were some things he wasn’t prepared for. Farming can be remarkably dirty work.

His aunt and uncle’s farm had a variety of animals to tend to, as well as an extensive vegetable garden. His aunt spent hours every day weeding the garden. It was not something that could be done in one day, or even one week. There was no end to the number of unwanted plants that grew alongside the wanted ones. But Alan spent more time with his uncle and the animals. The stables housed the horses, which, these days, were less like a second set of farm workers and more like pets, and there were fields of sheep, cattle and a chicken coop. He, his uncle and his cousin Fred would ride in his uncle’s lorry and unload bales of hay in the fields for the cows. They had to feed them, and the other animals, as often as they themselves needed to eat.

The feeding of animals, the collecting of chicken eggs from the coop, even the shearing of sheep was all child’s play, and was perhaps as deep into farm life as Alan wanted to venture. The holding pens had to be cleaned, though, and even worse was the sad fact about animal farming, which was that some animals weren’t long for this world. This particular aspect wasn’t something that Alan could muster the strength to endure. When the time came, he bowed out, feeling in the end more cowardly than sorrowful.

His uncle understood. Alan wasn’t from the farm, and he couldn’t expect him to accept every aspect of the life in just a few short weeks. ‘There are many things I would rather not do out here, but it’s part and parcel of the life,’ his uncle tried to explain. ‘People take these things for granted when somebody else does the work for them.’ While Alan respected his uncle’s words, he spent more and more time in the garden as the weeks went by.

The phrase ‘part and parcel’ in the last paragraph means...
1) inseparable.
2) optional.
3) important.
4) disheartening.

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